Tea in health and disease prevention (Boek)

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‘Tea in health and disease prevention’ is een academische boek van ruim 1600 pagina’s zouden wij graag aanbieden. Helaas lijkt het momenteel alleen 2e hands beschikbaar te zijn. Een alternatief is de digitale versie die voor € 168,95 verkrijgbaar is bij uitgeverij Elseviers.

Hieronder een gedetailleerd overzicht van de inhoud van dit belangrijke boek:

  • DedicationPrefaceContributors

    Section 1: Tea, Tea Drinking and Varieties

    Chapter 1. The Tea Plants: Botanical Aspects

    Introduction

    Classification in Camellia

    Methods of Distinguishing Types of Tea

    Morphological Traits

    Cytological Markers

    Chemical/Biochemical Traits

    Molecular Markers

    Others

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 2. Green Tea: The Plants, Processing, Manufacturing and Production

    Introduction

    The Plants: Botanical Classification and Distribution

    Cultivation

    Tea Harvest: Plucking and Seasons

    Processing

    Chemistry and Biochemical Changes During Green Tea Processing

    Storage, Preparation and Flavor

    Global Green Tea Production

    Summary Points

    References

    Further Readings

    Chapter 3. White Tea: The Plants, Processing, Manufacturing, and Potential Health Benefits

    Introduction

    Historical Perspectives

    Processing and Manufacturing of White Tea

    Varieties of White Tea

    Health Benefits of White Tea

    Summary Points

    References

    Further reading

    Chapter 4. Black Tea: The Plants, Processing/Manufacturing and Production

    Introduction

    The Tea Plant

    Processing/Manufacturing

    Production

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 5. Pu-erh Tea: Botany, Production, and Chemistry

    Introduction

    Botany and Biogeography

    Production and Preparation

    Chemistry and Health

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 6. Tea Flavanols: An Overview

    Introduction

    Photosynthesis

    Biosynthesis of Flavanols

    Flavanols

    Tea

    Why are there Flavanols in Camellia sinensis and not in Aspalathus Linearis?

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 7. Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds in Different Types of Tea

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Tea

    Identification and Determination of Antioxidant Compounds in Tea

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Further Readings

    Chapter 8. Cultivar Type and Antioxidant Potency of Tea Product

    Introduction

    Types of Tea Product

    Chemical Composition of Tea

    Methods of Assaying Antioxidative Capacity

    Antioxidant Properties of Tea

    Cultivar Type and Antioxidant Activity

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 9. Objective Evaluation of the Taste Intensity of Tea by Taste Sensors

    Introduction

    Mechanism of the Lipid/Polymer Membrane-Type Taste Sensor

    Evaluation Method for Tea Taste Intensity by a Lipid/Polymer Membrane-Type Taste Sensor System

    Toward the Creation of a Taste Sensor System with a Receptor Function

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 10. Green Tea (Cv. Benifuuki) Powder and Catechins Availability

    Introduction

    Bioavailability of Benifuuki Green Tea Infusion and Anti-Allergic Activity of the Tea in Humans

    Pharmacokinetics of Plasma Catechins after the Intragastric Administration of Benifuuki Green Tea in Rats

    Absorption of Catechins after Intragastric Administration in Rats

    The AUC of Catechins after Oral Administration in Humans

    Consumption and Usage of Green Tea Powder in Japan

    Summary Points

    References

    Section 2: Miscellaneous Teas and Tea Types: Non-Camellia sinensis

    Chapter 11. Herbal Teas: A Focus on Antioxidant Properties

    Introduction

    Summary points

    References

    Chapter 12. Honeybush Tea (Cyclopia sp.): A Traditional South-African Tisane

    Introduction

    Botanical Characteristics and Cultivation

    Honeybush Tea Manufacture

    Traditional and Modern Use

    Chemical Composition and Quality Control

    Antioxidant Properties and Biological Effects

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 13. Mate Tea: From the Camp to the Bench

    Introduction

    Tea from I. paraguariensis

    Popular Culture Associated with the Consumption of I. paraguariensis

    Regional Consumption of I. paraguariensis

    Biochemical Characterization of I. paraguariensis

    Biological Effects of I. paraguariensis Consumption

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 14. In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Mediterranean Herbs and their Bioactivity

    Introduction

    In vitro antioxidant properties of selected Mediterranean herbal infusions

    Bioactivity of Pelargonium purpureum aqueous extract

    Summary points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 15. Bush Tea as a Herbal Beverage and Medicinal Plant in South Africa

    Introduction

    The Bush Tea Plant

    Distribution of Bush Tea

    Traditional Uses of Bush Tea

    Potential of Bush Tea as a Health Beverage

    Summary Points

    References

    Section 3: Manufacturing and Processing

    Chapter 16. Tea Processing and its Impact on Catechins, Theaflavin and Thearubigin Formation

    Introduction

    The chemistry and benefits of green tea

    Tea processing

    Impact of tea processing on catechins, theaflavin and thearubigin formation

    Conclusion

    Summary points

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 17. Tea Processing and Carotenoids

    Introduction

    Variation in Carotenoid Level between Tea Cultivars and Growing Seasons

    Changes in Carotenoid Level during Processing for Various Teas

    Variation in Carotenoid Level between Various Kinds of Tea

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 18. Effect of Far-Infrared Irradiation on Catechin Contents of Green Tea

    Introduction

    Effect of FIR Irradiation on Green Tea Leaves

    Application of Far-Infrared Irradiation in the Manufacturing Process of Green Tea

    Effect of AN FIR Heater on the Characteristics of Green Tea during Processing

    Summary Points

    References

    Section 4: Compositional and Nutritional Aspects

    Chapter 19. Structure and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides in Tea: Applications in Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Coagulation, Thrombosis, Immunology, Oxidative Stress, Radiation and Bacterial Adhesion

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Extraction and Isolation Methods

    Chemical Composition

    Structure and Conformational Analysis

    Biological Activity

    Toxicity of TPS

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 20. An Overview of the Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties of Novel Tea Polysaccharide Conjugates

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Chemical Composition of TPC

    Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of Crude and Purified Tea Polysaccharide Conjugates

    Thermal Stability of Tea Polysaccharide Conjugate Fractions

    Suppression of Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice by Oral Administration of Water-Soluble and Alkali-Soluble Tea Polysaccharide Conjugates

    Protecting Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells against Impairments Triggered by High Glucose

    Conclusions and Further Research

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 21. Green Tea Dietary Supplements: Current Issues and Analysis Methods

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Investigations of the Quality Control of GTDS

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 22. Trace Elements in Tea (Camellia sinensis) and their Bioavailability

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Trace Elements in Tea

    Bioavailability of Trace Elements from Tea Consumption

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 23. Tea and Iron Metabolism

    Introduction

    Iron

    Metabolic Studies

    Tea and Iron Status

    Conclusions (Box 3)

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 24. Manganese Nutrition and Tea Consumption

    Introduction

    Manganese – The Element

    Manganese and Tea

    Summary

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 25. Vitamin K in Green Tea Leaves

    Introduction

    Characterization of vitamin K

    Sources of vitamin K

    Effects of vitamin K

    Analysis of vitamin K

    Summary points

    References

    Chapter 26. Odor and Flavor Volatiles of Different Types of Tea

    Introduction

    Odor and Flavor Volatile Components of Teas

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 27. Chromatographic Development, Validation and Data Handling of Tea Fingerprints

    Introduction

    Development of Fingerprints

    Validation of Fingerprints

    Data Handling of Fingerprints

    Concluding Summary

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 28. Steeping Time and Temperature on the Content of the Main Flavanols in Green Tea

    Introduction

    Amount of Tea Leaves

    Leaf Size

    Steeping Time

    Temperature

    Additives

    Summary points

    References

    Chapter 29. Chemistry and Biology of the Black Tea Thearubigins and of Tea Fermentation

    Introduction

    What are Thearubigins?

    Basics of Tea Fermentation Chemistry

    Analysis and Characterization of Thearubigins

    Structural Model for the Thearubigins: Oxidative Cascade Hypothesis

    Confirmation of the Oxidative Cascade Hypothesis

    Consequences of the Oxidative Cascade Hypothesis

    Quantification of Thearubigins

    Biological Activities of Thearubigins

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 30. Bioactive Phytophenolics and Antioxidant Functions of Aqueous and Organic Tea Extracts

    Introduction

    Antioxidant Effectiveness of Tea Extracts and Their Main Antioxidant Phytophenolics

    Extraction Systems and Antioxidant Effectiveness

    Structure–Activity Relationship

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 31. Formation of Damascenone and its Related Compounds from Carotenoids in Tea

    Introduction

    Formation of Damascenone from the 9’-Cis-epoxycarotenoids

    Formation of Damascenone During the Tea Manufacturing Process

    Formation of Damascenone During the Production of Tea Drinks or Infusions from Processed Tea Leaves

    Glycosidically Bound Precursors of Damascenone in Teas and their Hydrolysis

    Putative Functions of Volatile Carotenoid Breakdown Products in Relation to Human Health

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 32. Tea Catechins in Tissues: Analysis, Possibilities and Challenges

    Introduction: Site-related Analysis

    Metabolism Makes Analysis Complicated

    Overview of Analytical Steps

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 33. Intestinal Absorption and Disposition of Green Tea Catechins: The First Barrier for Green Tea Catechins Entering the Body

    Introduction

    Overview of the Pharmacokinetics of Green Tea Catechins

    Stability of Green Tea Catechins at GI Tract

    Intestinal Absorption of Green Tea Catechins

    Intestinal Metabolism of Green Tea Catechins

    Transport of the Green Tea Catechin Metabolites Formed During Intestinal Absorption

    Effect of the Co-Occurring Components from Green Tea on the Intestinal Absorption and Disposition of GTC

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 34. Green Tea Flavan-3-ol Bioavailability

    Green Tea Contains Very Special Polyphenols

    Green Tea Flavonoids are Modified by the Interaction with the Gastrointestinal Tract

    The Bioavailability of Green Tea Flavan-3-ols

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 35. L-Theanine from Green Tea: Transport and Effects on Health

    Introduction

    Characteristics of L-Theanine

    ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) of L-Theanine

    Physiological Benefits of L-Theanine

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 36. Holistic Approaches to Tea Bioactivity: Interactions of Tea and Meal Components Studied In Vitro and In Vivo

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Tea Bioavailability and Bioactivity

    In vitro and In vivo Approaches

    Interactions Between Tea Components and Dietary Iron

    Interactions between Tea Components and Dietary Proteins

    Interactions Between Tea Components and Dietary Fat and Carbohydrates

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 37. Gallic Acid in Old Oolong Tea

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Production of New and Old Oolong Tea

    Polyphenols and Gallic Acid in Oolong Tea and their Biological Functions

    Determination of the Accumulation of Gallic Acid in Old Oolong Tea

    Characterization of the Release of Gallic Acid in Old Oolong Tea by Multiple-Stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 38. Tea and Starch Digestibility

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Assays for Measuring Starch Hydrolase Inhibition of Tea

    Inhibition Activity of Tea on Saliva α-AMYLASE

    Tea and Pancreatic α-AMYLASE and α-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITION

    Incorporation of Tea Extracts into Starchy Food System for Regulating Starch Digestion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 39. Electronic Tongue for Tea Tasting

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Fluorometry for Amino Acids and Tannins

    Development of a Hand-Held Fluorometer as the Electronic Tongue

    Experimental

    Theanine and Tannic Acid Determination

    Tea Quality Assessment

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 40. Green Tea and Protein Availability

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols on the Activities of Proteolytic Enzymes

    Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols on Protein Availability

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Section 5: General Protective Aspects of Tea-Related Compounds

    Chapter 41. Review of the Clinical Evidence on Tea Consumption and Weight Loss

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Background

    Interventions and Outcomes

    Discussion of Moderators

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Further Readings

    Chapter 42. Oolong Tea and Weight Loss

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Anti-Obesity Effects of Oolong Tea in Human Studies

    Anti-Obesity Effects of Oolong Tea in Laboratory Studies

    Active Components of Oolong Tea in Obesity Reduction

    Anti-Obesity Mechanisms of Oolong Tea

    Comparison of the Anti-Obesity Effects of Oolong Tea and Green Tea

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Further Reading

    Chapter 43. Antioxidant Functions of Green and Black Tea

    Introduction

    Antioxidant Functions of Tea in Human Studies

    Oxidative Damage Biomarkers

    Discussion

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Further Reading

    Chapter 44. Tea and Liver Antioxidant Capabilities in Ethanol Toxicity

    Introduction

    Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) During Ethanol Metabolism

    Tea Leaves as a Source of Antioxidants

    Tea and its Oxidative Action in the Liver

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 45. Antimutagenic Activities of Tea and its Polyphenols in Bacterial Test Systems

    Introduction

    Detection of Antimutagenicity by the Ames Test

    Antimutagenic Effect of Green Tea and its Polyphenols

    Antimutagenic Effect of Black Tea and its Polyphenols

    Comparison of the Antimutagenic Effects of Green and Black Tea and Their Polyphenols

    The Mechanism of Antimutagenicity

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 46. The Modulating Influence of Tea Polyphenols on Estrogen Metabolism in Asian and Caucasian Populations: Breast Cancer Prevention

    Introduction

    Tea Polyphenols in Reducing the E2 Production: Aromatase

    Modifying Ability of TPh on the Hydroxylation Step in the Estrogen Pathway and their Antioxidant Ability

    Breast Cancer Incidence in European versus Asian Populations

    Benefits of an Evolutionary Adaptation Due to a Catechol-Containing Diet in Asia – COMT Polymorphism

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 47. Tea and Inflammation

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Inflammatory Pathways

    Inflammation-related Diseases/Markers

    Teas as Anti-inflammatory Agents

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 48. Tea and Sepsis: Effects on Inflammatory Cytokines

    Introduction

    Pathogenesis of Sepsis

    EGCG Inhibits Endotoxin-induced Cytokine Release

    EGCG Inhibits HMGB1-induced Cytokine Release

    EGCG Protects Against Lethal Endotoxemia and Sepsis

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    Competing Financial Interests

    References

    Chapter 49. Green Tea and Protection against Helicobacter Infection

    Helicobacter Infection – Clinical Implications

    Association of Helicobacter Infection Rates with Disease Progression in Society Based on Dietary Habits

    Associations Specifically with Green Tea

    Green Tea is Bacteriostatic against H. pylori and H. felis

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 50. Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Bone Loss Protection

    Introduction

    Tea Drinking and Bone

    Animal Studies on Black Tea and Bone

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 51. Green Tea and Bone Health Promotion: Bone Mass and Microarchitecture

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Green Tea and Bone Tissues: Bone Turnover Biomarkers, Mass, Microstructure, and Quality

    Aging- and Aging-Plus-Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss

    Aging- and Aging-Plus-Orchidectomy-Induced Bone Loss

    Chronic Inflammation-Induced Bone Loss

    Green Tea and Osteoblastogenesis: Evidence from In Vitro Studies

    Green Tea and Osteoclastogenesis: Evidence from In Vitro Studies

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 52. Protective Effect of Green Tea Extract on Gentamicin- and Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Effect of GT on GM- and CP-Induced Nephrotoxicity Parameters in Serum

    Effect of GT on GM-/CP-Induced Alterations on BBM and Lysosomal Biomarkers in Renal Tissues and Na-Dependent Transport of Pi

    The Effect of GT on GM-/CP-Induced Alterations of Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes in Renal Tissues

    Effect of GT on GM-/CP-Induced Oxidative Stress

    Summary and Conclusion

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 53. Black Tea and Prevention of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Damage

    Introduction

    Black Tea Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Oxidative Modification of Proteins

    Black Tea Prevents Oxidative Degradation of Lung Proteins of Guinea Pigs Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

    Black Tea Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Apoptosis in the Guinea Pig Lung In Vivo

    Black Tea Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Damage

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 54. The Protective Effect of Green Tea Against Experimentally Induced Lung Fibrosis in Rats

    Introduction

    Rat Studies

    The Role of Green Tea in Paraquat-Induced Lung Fibrosis

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 55. Tea and Diabetes: The Laboratory and the Real World

    Introduction

    The Claims

    The Active Compounds

    The Studies

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 56. Green Tea Consumption and Diabetes

    Introduction

    Green Tea and Diabetes

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 57. Green Tea Catechins Inhibit Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

    Introduction

    GTCs Regulate GPDH Gene Expression in Animal Systems

    GTCs Regulate GPDH Activity and Gene Expression in Adipocytes

    GTCs Regulate GPDH Activity in Cell-Free Systems

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 58. Green Tea and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease

    Introduction

    Green Tea Catechins as the Major Component in Green Tea

    Pathogenesis of AD at a Glance

    How Green Tea Protects the Brain from Neurodegeneration in AD

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 59. Green Tea: Potential Benefits in Shock Disease

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Shock

    In Vivo Study

    Conclusion and Future Prospects

    Summary Points

    References

    Further Reading

    Chapter 60. Tea Catechins and Endurance

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Endurance-Improving Effects of Tea Catechins (GTE) in BALB/C Mice

    Inhibitory Action of Tea Catechins on the Aging-Associated Decline in Physical Performance in Senescence-Accelerated Mice

    Endurance-Improving Effects of Tea Catechins (GTE) in MDX Mice

    Possible Mechanisms for the Endurance-Improving Effects of Tea Catechins (GTE)

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 61. Tea and Metabolomics: Consequences of Tea Intake for the Human Metabolome

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Methodology

    Tea Intake and Metabolomics: Exogenous Markers

    Tea Intake and Metabolomics: Endogenous Markers

    Concluding Remarks

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 62. Cancer Chemoprevention by Black Tea Polyphenols: Emerging Evidence and Molecular Targets

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Black Tea Constituents

    Anti-Cancer Effects

    Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-cancer Effects of Black Tea Polyphenols

    Epigenetics

    Combination Chemoprevention

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 63. Molecular Aspects of Cancer Prevention by Green Tea: An Overview

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Cancer in General

    Rationale for Cancer Prevention

    Molecular Targets of Green Tea

    Targets of Green Tea in Human Trials

    Future Directions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 64. Protective Aspects of Tea and Prostate Cancer: Emerging Evidence

    Introduction

    Literature Search

    Epidemiological Evidence (1986–2000)

    Epidemiological Evidence (2001–present)

    Limitations

    Clinical Evidence

    Biological Mechanisms

    Conclusions and Future Perspectives

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 65. Vitamin C, Lysine, Proline, Quercetin and Other Natural Components Significantly Enhance Anticancer Effects of Green Tea

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Defining Active Compounds

    Micronutrient Synergy Enhances Bioavailability of Epigallocatechin Gallate

    Micronutrient Synergy Enhances Anticancer Effects of Green Tea Extract In Vivo

    Micronutrient Synergy Enhances Green Tea Extract Inhibitory Effects on MMP Expression

    Micronutrient Synergy Enhances Anti-Invasiveness Effects of Green Tea through ECM-Mediated Effects

    Micronutrient Synergy Enhances Anticancer Effects of Green Tea Extract In Fibrosarcoma Cells In Vitro

    Synergistic Antitumor Effects of NM on Fibrosarcoma In Vivo

    NM Enhances Anticancer Effects of EGCG in Cervical Cancer

    Micronutrient Synergy Enhances EGCG Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Leukemia Cells

    Summary points

    References

    Further Reading

    Chapter 66. Effect of Green Tea Extract on Hepatocellular Carcinoma

    Introduction

    Effects of GTE on Tumor Growth, Proliferation, and Hepatocarcinogenesis

    Effect of GTE on Apoptosis in HCC Cells

    Effect of GTE on Cell Cycle Arrest in HCC

    Effect of GTE on Oxidative Stress in HCC

    Effect of GTE on Angiogenesis in HCC

    Effect of GTE on Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis of HCC

    Effect of GTE on Drug Resistance Against HCC

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 67. The Effect of Tea Polyphenols on Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer

    Introduction

    Mechanism and Clinical Significance of MSI in Colorectal Cancer

    Epigenetics of Mismatch Repair Gene Deficiency

    Tea Polyphenols for MSI Colorectal Cancer

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 68. Effect of Green Tea on Nitrosamines: Implications for Cancer

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea Components on the Formation of Nitrosamines

    Inhibitory Effect of Green Tea and Catechins on the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Nitrosamines

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 69. MicroRNA, Breast Cancer and Green Tea Polyphenon-60

    Abbreviations

    MICRORNAS

    Green Tea, Polyphenon-60 and Breast Cancers

    MICRORNAS Associated With Breast Cancers

    MICRORNAS and Green Tea Polyphenols

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 70. The Role of Individual Tea Compounds in Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Green and Black Tea

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    In vitro studies

    Animal studies

    Human studies

    Perspectives

    Summary points

    References

    Chapter 71. Molecular and Cellular Targets Affected by Green Tea Extracts in Vascular Cells

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Several Key Events Involved in Atherosclerosis are Affected by EGCG

    Molecular and Cellular Activities of EGCG

    Modulation of Signal Transduction and Gene Expression by EGCG

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 72. Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols under Hyperlipidemic Conditions through their Anti-Angiogenic Activity

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    From Vasculogenesis to Angiogenesis

    Hyperlipidemia-Induced Atherosclerosis and the Role of Angiogenesis

    The Role of Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue Development

    Green Tea and Angiogenesis

    Action of Synthetic Analogs

    The Use of Mouse Models in Angiogenesis and Green Tea Intervention

    Possible Complications

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 73. In Vitro Studies on the Responses of Healthy and Cancerous Cells Derived from Tissues of the Human Oral Cavity to Tea Theaflavins and Catechins

    Introduction

    Theaflavins

    Catechins

    Cancerous versus Normal Cells

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 74. Black Tea Theaflavins and Gastric Ulcer Prevention

    Introduction

    Tea as a Remedy for Gastric Ulcers: Previous Studies

    Black Tea, a Potential Anti-Ulcer Formulation: Present Studies

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 75. Effect of Green Tea on Liver Function: Carbohydrate and Lipid Management, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Hepatoprotection

    Introduction

    Green Tea

    Effect on Carbohydrate and Lipid Management

    Effect on Liver Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes

    The Hepatoprotective Effect of Green Tea

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 76. Green Tea Extract in the Management of Hepatic Fibrosis

    Introduction

    Polyphenols and Clinical Experience

    Experimental Evidence for Hepatic Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Green Tea Extract

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 77. Effects of Green Tea Extract on Gene Expression in Human Hepatoma (HepG2) and Tongue Carcinoma (Cal-27) Cells

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    DNA Array Analysis of Gene Induction by GTE in HepG2 Cells

    Molecular Mechanism for Anti-Oxidant Gene Induction

    The Anti-Oxidant/Electrophile Response Element

    Genes Involved in Apoptosis

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 78. Green Tea Polyphenols and Skin Protection: An Overview

    Abbreviations

    Introduction to Green Tea

    Ultraviolet Light and Skin Damage

    Green Tea Polyphenols and Skin Photo-Protection

    Conclusion

    References

    Chapter 79. Effect of Green Tea Compounds on Neutral Endopeptidase Activity in Cultivated Brain Cells

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 80. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Protective Effects of Green Tea Consumption

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Green Tea Consumption and SAH Risk: An Epidemiological Approach

    Protective Implication of Green Tea Consumption

    Protective Role of Green Tea Consumption against the Development of SAH

    Summary Points

    References

    Section 6: Focused Areas, Specific Tea Components and Effects on Tissue and Organ Systems

    Chapter 81. Metabolic Fate of Green Tea Catechins in Humans

    Introduction

    In vitro Drug Metabolism

    In vitro Microbial Metabolism

    In vivo Drug and Microbial Metabolism in Humans

    Summary

    References

    Chapter 82. Drug Interactions with Green Tea Catechins in Humans

    Introduction

    Pharmacokinetics of Individual Catechins and their Metabolites in Humans

    Pharmacokinetics of Mixed Catechins and Their Metabolites in Humans

    Drug–Drug Interactions within Mixed Catechins in Humans

    Drug–drug Interactions with CYP Substrates, Drugs and Food in Humans

    Green Tea and Its Metabolites in Patients

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 83. Differences in the Tissue Distribution of Green Tea Compared to Black Tea Polyphenols

    Introduction

    Bioavailability and Metabolism of Tea Polyphenols

    Mouse and Rat Studies

    Black Tea Compared to Green Tea

    Transdermal Application of Green Tea

    Concentration of Green Tea Polyphenols in the Eye

    Human Intervention Studies

    Intestinal Metabolites of Tea Polyphenols

    Summary of Bioavailability Studies

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 84. Anti-Obesity Effect of Tea Catechins in Combination with Exercise

    Introduction

    Anti-Obesity Effect of Tea Catechins

    Combined Effects of Tea Catechin Consumption and Regular Exercise on Obesity

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 85. Protective Effects of Green Tea in Metabolic Syndrome

    Introduction

    Green Tea Composition

    Green Tea and Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiological Observations and Clinical (Interventional) Studies

    Green Tea and Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms of Action

    Conclusions and Recommendations

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 86. Green Tea and Control of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    The Structure of Mammalian GDH

    HHS: the Link Between GDH and Insulin Homeostasis

    Inhibition of GDH-Mediated Insulin Secretion by Polyphenols

    Other Possible Applications for EGCG Inhibition of GDH

    Future Pharmaceutical Application of EGCG as a GDH Inhibitor

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 87. Pharmacokinetics of Green Tea Catechins in Maternal and Fetal Body Compartments

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Maternal Pharmacokinetics

    Gestational transfer

    Fetal distributions

    Potential applications

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 88. Effect of Green Tea (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on Adipocytes: Signaling Effects

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    EGCG Signaling in Inhibiting fat Cell Growth

    EGCG Signaling in Inducing Fat Cell Apoptosis

    EGCG Signaling in Inhibiting Fat Cell Adipogenesis and Differentiation

    EGCG Signaling in Stimulating Fat Cell Metabolism

    EGCG Signaling in Altering Adipocyte Endocrine Activity

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 89. Modulation of Pattern Recognition Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways by Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Pattern-Recognition Receptors

    Inhibition of PRR Activation by EGCG

    EGCG Targets in PRR Signaling Pathways

    Other Cellular Targets of EGCG and Possible Relationship with PRR Inhibition

    The Regulation of PRR Signaling by Other Components in Tea

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 90. Caffeine and Insulin-Independent Glucose Transport

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle

    Effect of Caffeine on Glucose Transport

    CaMK and Caffeine-Stimulated Glucose Transport

    AMPK and Insulin-Independent Glucose Transport

    AMPK and Caffeine-Stimulated Glucose Transport

    Caffeine and Upstream Kinases of AMPK

    Caffeine and T2DM

    Conclusions

    Summary points

    References

    Chapter 91. (−)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-Gallate (EGCG) and Kidney Interstitial Fibroblasts

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Effects of EGCG in Kidney Interstitial Cells In Vitro

    Effects of EGCG in Nephropathic Models

    Effects on Other Renal Cells In Vitro

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 92. Caffeine-Mediated ERK Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Why Study ERK Phosphorylation?

    Effects of Caffeine on ERK Phosphorylation in Cortical Regions

    Effects of Caffeine on ERK Phosphorylation in Dopaminergic Mesolimbic Areas

    Caffeine, ERK and Synaptic Plasticity

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 93. Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Other Natural Products Mediate Stress Resistance and Slows Down Aging Processes in Caenorhabditis elegans

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Epigallocatechin Gallate and Other Tea Polyphenols Act As Multi-Target Drugs

    Caenorhabditis Elegans as a Model System for Pharmacological and Nutritional Studies

    Understanding and Preventing Aging Processes

    Stress and Aging

    Natural Products from Green Tea Promote Longevity and Stress Tolerance in C. Elegans

    Other Longevity-Promoting Polyphenols and Medicinal Plants

    Alzheimer’s and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases

    Outlook

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 94. Chinese Tea and Telomere Length in Elderly Chinese Men

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Global Trends in Tea Production and Consumption

    Telomere Length as Biological Marker of Aging

    Effect of Tea and its Constituent Nutrients on Telomere Length

    Tea Consumption and Telomere Length in Elderly Chinese Men

    Tea Consumption, Healthy Lifestyle, and Telomere Length

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 95. Human Prostate Cancer Prevention by Green Tea Catechins: Clinical Trial and Putative Molecular Mechanisms of Action

    Introduction

    PSA Era: Therapeutic Options and the Risk of Over-Treatment

    Prevention of CaP

    Catechins from Green Tea

    Pre Clinical Studies in Our Laboratory

    A Proof-of-Principle Clinical Trial Showed the Anti-Cancer Efficacy of GTE in Humans

    Putative Molecular Mechanisms of GTE Action

    Gene Profiling of Responsive and Resistant GTE-Treated CaPs in the TRAMP Model

    Chemoprevention of CaP with GTE: Conclusions

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 96. Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Intracellular Signaling in Breast Tissue: Implications for Cancer

    Introduction

    Epidemiological Evidence

    Growth Factor and Growth Factor Receptors

    Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Regulation

    Motility and Invasion

    Potential Mechanism of Action

    Clinical Application

    Combinatorial Treatment

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 97. Caffeine, Cyclin D1 and Cell Proliferation

    Introduction

    Effect of Caffeine on G1-S-Phase Cell Cycle Progression

    Regulation of G1-S-Phase Progression

    Effect of Caffeine on CDK4/6 Activity

    Mechanisms of Caffeine-Induced Akt Signaling Pathway Inhibition

    Caffeine as an Anti-Cancer Agent

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 98. Synthetic Analogs of (−)-Epigallocatechin-Gallate: Bioavailability and Molecular Mechanisms of Action

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-EGCG

    Synthetic EGCG Analogs and Pro-Drug Forms of EGCG

    Pre-Clinical Studies of Tea Polyphenol (−)-EGCG and its Analogs/Pro-Drugs

    Clinical Studies of Green Tea Polyphenols

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 99. Anti-Influenza Viral Activity of Catechins and Derivatives

    Introduction

    Influenza

    Anti-Influenza Effects Of Green Tea Catechins and Derivatives In Vitro

    Clinical studies on catechins in influenza prevention

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 100. Antibacterial – Acinetobacter baumannii – Activity of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)

    Introduction

    (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

    Anti-Pathogenic Properties of EGCG

    Action of EGCG against Acinetobacter baumannii

    Potential Applications of EGCG against A. baumannii

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 101. Tea Catechins and Staphylococcus aureus

    Introduction

    Antibiotic Resistance of S. aureus

    Effects of Tea Catechins on S. aureus

    Clinical Evidence for the Effects of Tea Catechins on S. aureus

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 102. (−)-Epicatechin 3-(3″-O-Methylgallate) and (+)-Catechin 3-(3″-O-Methylgallate), and their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Isolation and Determination of the Structure of ECG3″Me (1)

    Chemical Synthesis of ECG3″Me (1) and its Analogs

    Biological Activities of ECG3″Me (1) and Structure–Activity Relationships

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 103. Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Markers of Inflammation

    Introduction

    Chemical Properties of Green Tea and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

    Inflammatory Markers

    Putative Mechanisms Governing the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of EGCG

    Efficacy of GTCS and EGCG in Inflammatory Conditions Related to Cardiovascular Diseases

    Effects of EGCG on Inflammatory Markers in Humans

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 104. Molecular Basis for Down-Regulation of the Inflammatory Responses by Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Macrophages

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Effects of EGCG on Regulation of TLR-Mediated Immune Responses

    Anti-Inflammatory Action of EGCG Through the Cell-Surface EGCG-Sensing Molecule

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 105. Green Tea and its Main Catechin, Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Provide Parasitic Protection

    Abbreviations

    Introduction

    Malaria

    Babesiosis

    Toxoplasmosis

    Avian coccidiosis

    Trypanosomosis

    Leishmaniasis

    Helminthes

    The Parasites of Fish

    Green Tea Extract as a Molluscicide

    Summary points

    References

    Chapter 106. Effects of Tea Catechins on Cardiac Allografts

    Introduction

    Effects of Tea Catechins on Cardiac Allografts in an Experimental Model

    Discussion

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 107. Maternal Caffeine Exposure on Fetal Cardiovascular Function and Growth

    Introduction

    Effect of Maternal Caffeine Exposure on Fetal CV Function and Growth

    Ex vivo and in vitro Caffeine Effects on Fetal Blood Pressure and Myocardial Contraction

    Maternal Caffeine Exposure and Adenosine Receptor Function

    Effects of Maternal Caffeine Exposure under Maternal Hypoxia

    Implication of the Results of the Mouse Model of Maternal Caffeine Exposure

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgment

    References

    Chapter 108. Green Tea (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and its Effects on Pancreatic Stellate Cells

    Introduction

    Pancreatic Stellate Cells (PSCs)

    Activation of PSCs

    Effect of EGCG on PSCs

    Effect of EGCG on PSCs in vivo

    Clinical Implications of EGCG in Pancreatic Fibrosis

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 109. Effect of Green Tea Extract and Tea Polyphenols Against Antibiotic-, Anti-Cancer Drug- and Immunosuppressant Agent-Induced Nephrotoxicity: A Focus on Cyclosporine A and Tacrolimus

    Introduction

    Cyclosporine A

    Tacrolimus

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 110. Biological Effects of Green Tea Catechins in Ocular Tissue Cells

    Introduction

    Physiological Effects of Catechins

    Toxicity

    Ocular Disorders

    Effects of Catechins on Ocular Tissue Cells

    Further Green Tea Extract Studies on Ocular Tissues

    Prospects

    Summary points

    References

    Section 7: Behavior and Brain

    Chapter 111. Tea and the Cognitive Function of Elderly People: Evidence From Neurobiology and Epidemiology

    Introduction

    Neuroprotective Effects of Tea: Evidence from Neurobiology

    Tea and the Cognitive Function of Elderly People: Evidence from Epidemiology

    Future Research

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 112. Green Tea and Protection of the Brain Against Aging: Structural Aspects

    Introduction

    Vulnerability of the Brain

    The Lysosomal Compartment and the Genesis of Lipofuscin

    The Role of Mitochondria in Aging

    Green Tea as a Nutraceutical

    The Actions of Green Tea Catechins

    Aging and the Hippocampal Formation

    Green Tea and the Lysosomal Compartment in the Hippocampus

    Green Tea and Mitochondria

    Green Tea and Neuronal Signaling Systems

    Conclusions

    Summary points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 113. Behavioral Pharmacology of Caffeine

    Introduction

    Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine

    Molecular Targets for the Central Effects of Caffeine

    Behavioral Pharmacology: Studies in Humans

    Behavioral Pharmacology: Studies in Animals

    Abuse Potential of Caffeine

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 114. Effect of Green Tea Catechins on Cognitive Learning Ability and Dementia

    Introduction

    Green Tea Catechins

    Green Tea and Cognition

    Possible Mechanisms of Green Tea Catechin-Induced Cognitive Improvement

    Summary Points

    References

    Further Reading

    Chapter 115. Attention Benefits of Tea and Tea Ingredients: A Review of the Research to Date

    Introduction

    Attention

    Cognitive Effects of the Tea Ingredients Caffeine and L-Theanine

    Interactions between Caffeine and L-Theanine

    Attention Benefits of Tea

    Conclusions and Recommendations

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Chapter 116. Green Tea and Feeling Depressed: A Promising Challenge

    Introduction

    Epidemiological Studies

    Potential Mechanism Linking Green Tea And Depression

    Green Tea and Stress

    Further Studies are Necessary

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 117. Anxiolytic Properties of the Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate

    Introduction

    Assessing the Anxiolytic Effect of EGCG in Rodents

    Action of EGCG on GABAA receptors

    Other Actions of EGCG Contributing to Anxiolysis

    Anxiolytic effect of other components of green tea: the case of theanine

    Concluding Remarks

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 118. Green Tea (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Amyloid Precursor Protein: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease

    Introduction

    Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Reduces Cerebral Amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s Transgenic Mice by Modulating Amyloid Precursor Protein Proteolysis

    ADAM10 Activation Is Required for EGCG-Induced α-Secretase Proteolysis of Amyloid Precursor Protein

    Fish Oil Enhances Anti-Amyloidogenic Properties of EGCG in Alzheimer’s Transgenic Mice

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 119. Nitric Oxide Synthase, Green Tea Catechins and Parkinson’s Disease

    Introduction

    Does Tea Reduce the Risk of PD?

    How Do Green Tea Catechins Protect People from PD?

    Summary points

    References

    Section 8: Adverse Effects of Tea and Tea-Related Products

    Chapter 120. Toxicity of Green Tea Polyphenols

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 121. Hepatocyte Cytotoxicity of Green Tea Phenolic Acids, Gallates, and Catechins

    Introduction

    Anti-Oxidant Activity of Polyphenols

    Polyphenols and Prevention of Liver Damage

    Reactive Carbonyl Scavenging Abilities of Tea Polyphenols: Implications in Diabetes

    Polyphenol Iron- or Copper Complex-Mediated Pro-Oxidant Cytotoxicity and Fenton’s

    Hepatocyte Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of The Tea Polyphenols EGCG, Propyl Gallate, and Gallic Acid

    GSH Thiol Conjugates and EGCG Protein Cysteine Conjugates

    In Vivo EGCG Hepatotoxicity Animal Studies

    Clinical Studies

    In vivo or Hepatocyte-Catalyzed Phase 2 Metabolism and Cytotoxicity of EGCG

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Further Reading

    Chapter 122. Caffeine and Neurotoxicity: Implications for Tea

    Introduction

    Caffeine Targets in the Brain

    Effects of Long-Term Caffeine Exposure on Receptor Binding in the Brain

    Effects of Caffeine on Adenosine Receptor Binding in the Brain: Neurodevelopment

    Behavioral Effects of Adenosine Receptor Antagonism by Caffeine

    Developmental Caffeine Exposure and Consequences on Neurodevelopment and Behavior

    In Vitro Caffeine Exposure: Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection

    Adenosine Receptor Signaling and Caffeine: Neurodegenerative Disorders

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 123. Interactions of Tea Tannins with Proteins and Their Impact on Food Quality and Health

    Introduction

    Techniques for the Analysis of Tannin–Protein Interactions

    Tea Tannins, Proline-Rich Proteins and Astringency

    Role of Tannin–Protein Interactions in Anti-Oxidant Activity

    Therapeutic Implications of Tannin–Protein Interactions

    Pro-Oxidant Effects of Tea Tannins on Proteins

    Tannin–Protein Interactions and Blood Transport

    Technological Significance of Tannin–Protein Interaction

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 124. Diversity of Pesticides in Tea

    Introduction

    The Need to Introduce Plant Protection Measures

    Pesticide Dynamics

    Tactics of Integrated Pest Management

    Residues and Persistence of Some Pesticides in Made Tea and Infusions

    Regulation

    Analytical methodology

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 125. Potential Toxicity of Green Tea Polyphenols in Colitis

    Introduction

    Overview of Adverse Effects of GTPS

    Animal Models of IBD and CRC

    Toxicity of GTPS in IBD- and CRC-Model Mice

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    Acknowledgments

    References

    Section 9: Comparison of Tea and Coffee in Health and Disease

    Chapter 126. Comparison of the Effects of Tea and Coffee on the Risk of Ovarian Cancer

    Introduction

    Tea and Risk of Ovarian Cancer

    Coffee and Risk of Ovarian Cancer

    Conclusions

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 127. Comparing Tea and Coffee Intake in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk

    Introduction

    Tea and Coffee Constituents

    Tea and Coffee Constituents and Breast Cancer: Evidence From Basic Research

    Tea and Coffee Intake and Relation to Breast Cancer: Evidence from Epidemiological Studies

    Sources of Inconsistencies between Studies on Black Tea and Coffee In Relation to Breast Cancer

    Future Directions

    Implications of Tea or Coffee as Etiological Factors in Breast Cancer

    Conclusion

    Summary Points

    References

    Chapter 128. Impact of Green Tea and Coffee Consumption on Renal Function

    Introduction

    Evaluation of Renal Function

    Effects of caffeine intake on renal function

    Effect of Catechin Intake on Renal Function

    Coffee Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk

    Pleiotropic Effects of the Non-Caffeine Components That may be Indirectly Related to Renal Function

    Coffee Consumption and eGFR

    Underlying Mechanism of Coffee Consumption and Increased eGFR

    Summary Points

    References

    Index